Moonrise over Creighton, Nebraska.
Madalyn “Maddy” Spellman lived in Aurora and died from cancer in September 2016, at age 13. Her parents, Corey and Tammy Spellman, stand over her grave.
An investigation by Circle of Blue uncovered compelling evidence for why — agrochemical contamination in Nebraska’s surface, ground, and drinking water. Pediatric cancer is more common in Nebraska than anywhere in the United States outside of the Northeast. And elevated numbers of pediatric cancer cases are associated with Nebraska watersheds that have high levels of nitrate (a fertilizer) or atrazine (a weed killer) in surface and groundwater, according to a University of Nebraska Medical Center research team.
Drinking water in rural Nebraska has become so prominent an issue that two state senators introduced bills this legislative session that target nitrate contamination. LB 1160 would use $10 million in federal coronavirus relief funds to assist rural communities in removing nitrate from their water. LB 925, meanwhile, would allocate $250,000 annually over five years to develop farmer-led educational programs on soil health and water quality.
Fresh attention to a persistent drinking water problem in farm country did not happen overnight. The University of Nebraska Medical Center research project traces its roots to Jacob’s cancer diagnosis a decade ago, a year of struggle that started innocently enough: with a bad game.
The evening of January 14, 2011, Jacob, then a 16-year-old sophomore at Aurora High School, entered a basketball game against Central City. In most contests for the Huskies, Jacob was a physical force. But that mid-winter day he faltered on the court. To Gary and Shari, the uncharacteristically sloppy performance and lack of effort were clear signs that their oldest son was ill.
Gary Peters observes football practice at Aurora High School, where he is a volunteer assistant coach.
Confirming their intuition, Jacob awoke the next morning congested with cold symptoms that developed into what Gary described as a “deep, heavy, hard, whole body cough.” A week of rest and antibiotics did not subdue the sickness. A different antibiotic didn’t either.
Two weeks later, Jacob was still having trouble breathing. At a January 31, 2011, appointment the doctor ordered blood tests and chest X-rays, to check for infection. The X-ray seemed off. A CT scan did, too. Medical staff shared worried glances. Biopsies the next day of Jacob’s lymph nodes and bone marrow resulted in the diagnosis the family had feared: lymphoma.
More specifically, it was T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, a rare and typically aggressive cancer that attacks the organs and tissues that rally the body’s defenses against disease. Within the week — and just three weeks after starting to feel ill — Jacob began chemotherapy in Omaha at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, a two-hour drive from the brick-paved streets of his 4,600-person hometown.
From the start he faced decisions few teenagers have to make. Did he want to participate in a clinical trial for an experimental cancer drug? Did he want to freeze his sperm, in case the cancer treatment robbed him of his ability to father children?
These were unexpected trials. All he wanted was to be in the weight room, preparing himself for his pivotal junior season of football, the year that college scouts would be assessing his potential and making scholarship offers.
The sun sets behind the Aurora Ethanol East LLC plant as a tractor harvests corn near Aurora, Nebraska.
Besides Jacob Peters, four of the Aurora kids died from their cancers. Tyler Larson was diagnosed in 2010 with neurofibroma sarcoma, which resulted in tumors on nerve endings. He was 19 when he died. Sydnee Owens, who contracted non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2006, died six years later at age 14. Alyssa Sandmeier died at age 10 from leukemia. And Madalyn Spellman died at age 13 after being diagnosed with leukemia and bone cancer. Two kids survived and they or their parents did not want personal details published.
Even with the uncertainty around any individual’s disease, risk factors for nitrate contamination are not difficult to identify collectively. Septic systems, wastewater treatment plants, and lawns play a role. So does fossil fuel combustion. In countries without proper waste disposal, untreated sewage is a factor. And natural hazards like wildfire can elevate nitrate in streams. But the main source of nitrate is not the forest but the field. Where intensive, industrial-scale agriculture flourishes, nitrate is a menace.
A map of drinking water nitrate violations resembles a map of America’s high-value farm regions: California’s Central Valley and Washington’s Yakima Valley; the Corn Belt from eastern Nebraska through Iowa to Illinois; the Texas Panhandle; nearly all of Wisconsin dairy land; eastern Pennsylvania extending into the tri-state Delmarva region, where poultry operations dominate.
The towns at risk for nitrate in these areas share many characteristics. They are neighbors to the ag industry. They typically use groundwater. Groundwater systems account for nearly 95 percent of nitrate violations, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. And they are small. Almost all nitrate violations occur in systems that serve fewer than 3,300 people. Especially vulnerable are the very small systems that have a population below 500. In other words, these at-risk towns look a lot like Creighton.
This U.S. Geological Survey map shows areas at risk of nitrate contamination in shallow groundwater. Areas shaded red have the highest risk, meaning high nitrogen use from agriculture and aquifers that are vulnerable to contamination – typically those in sandy soils.
This map shows nitrate concentrations in drinking water between 2016 and 2018 for federally regulated water systems. Dark blue dots indicate water systems that exceeded the federal nitrate standard of 10 parts per million. Light blue dots show systems just under the standard, where concentrations were between 5 ppm and 10 ppm. The areas with high nitrate concentrations generally correspond to areas with intensive agriculture where groundwater is a major water source.
States shaded white did not provide or have data. The map shows a combination of nitrate and nitrate-nitrite data from state and federal sources. The map was produced by Corona Environmental Consulting based on a data-collection project funded by the Water Quality Research Foundation.
Kevin Sonnichsen, water commissioner, right, and Alan Novacek, backup operator and sewer commissioner, left, gaze into the Creighton water treatment facility. Built in 1993, the facility uses reverse osmosis to remove nitrate. Creighton was the first community in Nebraska to use reverse osmosis to remove nitrate in drinking water.
First in Line
Creighton, like hundreds of small Nebraska communities, is surrounded by an expanse of corn and soybeans that ripples to the horizon, seemingly without end.
A small, tan building less than a mile east of Main Street has become a pilgrimage site of sorts. Not for religious seekers, but for town administrators and water professionals. The one-story structure at the intersection of state highways 59 and 13 houses the town’s nitrate removal facility.
Home to 1,147 people, Creighton was the first town in Nebraska to install reverse osmosis treatment for nitrate, opening the facility in 1991 at a cost of $1.3 million. It needs the facility in order to meet federal drinking water standards. Other communities do, too. Today, the Nebraska Department of Environment and Energy counts 49 public water systems in the state that have reverse osmosis systems for removing nitrate.
Kevin Sonnichsen is the water commissioner for Creighton, Nebraska. Part of this role is operating the machinery that removes nitrate from the town’s drinking water.
Kevin Sonnichsen, the town’s water commissioner, is responsible for running the facility. The annual operating cost, including electricity and cleaning the filters, is about $550,000. “It’s a money pit,” Sonnichsen told Circle of Blue.
Creighton’s present could be its neighbor’s future.
Plainview, another small farm town, is a 15-minute drive southeast of Creighton. The town has two wells, one of which began exceeding the federal nitrate standard in 2020.
Plainview has been down this road before. Town officials had to shutter two other wells because of high nitrate levels. When that happened they drilled new wells. Drilling yet another well will be a challenge. There are few nearby places where the groundwater isn’t already contaminated. If a new well doesn’t work out, then a reverse osmosis system like Creighton’s is a possibility.
Plainview is working with an engineer to determine the better option. Jeremy Tarr, the town administrator, is preparing to spend a lot. “We know it’s coming,” Tarr said. “We know it’s going to be a big number.”
Tarr worked in other small towns in Nebraska before taking the Plainview job in August 2020. None had nitrate problems, so Tarr is learning the ropes as he goes. He reckons a new well could cost $2 million. “That’s high for a small community,” Tarr said. If a new well is a high cost, a reverse osmosis system would be an astronomical outlay. Tarr will know more in the spring when the engineering reports are filed, but he’s anticipating maybe $8 million or more. “I’m not wanting to go down that road,” he said.
A helping hand for places like Plainview might be on the horizon. A bill introduced on January 19 in the Nebraska Legislature would provide $10 million in grants to rural communities for reverse osmosis treatment systems to remove nitrate. The money would come from the state’s allotment of federal coronavirus relief funds. LB 1160 was introduced by Sen. Anna Wishart, who represents Legislative District 27, an area that includes part of Lincoln and its southwest suburbs. The bill is scheduled to be heard by the Legislature’s Appropriations Committee on March 3.
Nitrate levels in Aurora fluctuate throughout the year, rising and ebbing with fertilizer cycles. At the maximum, nitrate in Aurora is just below the federal standard, though the town did exceed the 10 parts per million (ppm) threshold in the summer of 2017, registering 11.4 ppm.
For utilities that do not meet the current nitrate standard, the treatment options unfortunately are “complicated, onerous to operate, and expensive,” said Chad Seidel of Corona Environmental Consulting. And there is little enthusiasm among town water managers and utility operators for lowering the nitrate standard because of the cost and difficulty of meeting it at 10 parts per million.
The most common treatment option is ion exchange, a process in which contaminated water passes through a filter that swaps out nitrate for another type of ion, like chloride. Ion exchange works, Seidel said, but it has problems. The process introduces salts into the waste stream, which are detrimental for downstream waters. And these systems require savvy, well-trained operators. Tiny communities might not have access to such personnel.
Shari Peters displays a bracelet that spells Jacob’s name.
Jacob’s Road
Jacob’s treatment for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma started well enough. In those early months the family expected Jacob to join the 80 percent of pediatric lymphoma patients who survive the disease. “Everything is going according to plan,” Gary wrote in his journal on February 25, 2011. It was just before Jacob’s fourth chemotherapy session.
Weeks stretched into months. Despite the frequent trips to Omaha, Jacob’s schooling remained on track throughout the spring. He finished the semester with a 4.0 grade point average. Competitive sports, which, for Jacob, were the grand prize at the end of this dark tunnel, were a possibility again. At the end of May, his doctors allowed Jacob to begin summer football workouts. Gary joined him on that reintroduction to physical exertion.
“Bald, out of shape and of course wearing his mask, he still had spring in his step and an attitude that we have not seen since the diagnosis,” Gary noted in his journal on May 31.
Then the disease shifted course and the mood darkened. Jacob relapsed in June. He acquired a staph infection in July. A second relapse came in August. His doctors were anxious, The cancer had spread to Jacob’s blood and bone marrow. The best chance for survival, it seemed, was a stem cell transplant. It was scheduled for November, but Jacob kept relapsing, needing more chemotherapy. At that point, the disease broke him, his body no longer able to hold up.
Gary and Shari remain in touch with Don Coulter, Eleanor Rogan, and the rest of the University of Nebraska research team studying nitrates and childhood cancer. They plan to help collect water samples in Aurora for the next phase of research into the environmental factors of pediatric cancer. Anything they can do to find a cause or prevent other families from living their nightmare. “My long-term goal is to have it eliminated,” Gary said. “Just find out why. And fix that.”
The reporting and photography for this project were funded by a Kozik Environmental Justice Reporting Grant from the National Press Foundation and the National Press Club Journalism Institute.
Banner images from top to bottom:
- Moonrise over Creighton, Nebraska.
- Madalyn “Maddy” Spellman lived in Aurora and died from cancer in September 2016, at age 13. Her parents, Corey and Tammy Spellman, stand over her grave.
- Gary Peters observes football practice at Aurora High School, where he is a volunteer assistant coach.
- Agriculture is the dominant industry in Nebraska, generating $21.4 billion in farm sales in 2019. Rural Nebraska towns pulse with the seasonal rhythms of planting, irrigating, and harvesting.
- Kevin Sonnichsen, water commissioner, right, and Alan Novacek, backup operator and sewer commissioner, left, gaze into the Creighton water treatment facility. Built in 1993, the facility uses reverse osmosis to remove nitrate. Creighton was the first community in Nebraska to use reverse osmosis to remove nitrate in drinking water.
- Shari Peters displays a bracelet that spells Jacob’s name.
Resources and Links
Circle of Blue
Michigan’s Groundwater Emergency
U.S. Food Trade Using Unsustainable Groundwater Supplies
Pacific Institute
Nitrates – Central Valley study
The Nitrogen Legacy: The Long-Term Effects of Water Pollution on Human Capital
Peer-Reviewed Research
Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review
University of Nebraska Lincoln
Nebraska Nitrate Working Groups – Summary and Call for Action
University of Nebraska Systems
Examining the Effects of Agrichemical Contaminants on Pediatric Cancers
Wilson Center
Groundwater Scarcity, Pollution Set India on Perilous Course
World Bank
Quality Unknown
The Nitrogen Legacy: The Long-Term Effects of Water Pollution on Human Capital
World Water Week
Groundwater: Mapping a Global Story of Pollution, Scarcity and Survival
Additional coverage of agriculture and groundwater
Brett writes about agriculture, energy, infrastructure, and the politics and economics of water in the United States. He also writes the Federal Water Tap, Circle of Blue’s weekly digest of U.S. government water news. He is the winner of two Society of Environmental Journalists reporting awards, one of the top honors in American environmental journalism: first place for explanatory reporting for a series on septic system pollution in the United States(2016) and third place for beat reporting in a small market (2014). He received the Sierra Club’s Distinguished Service Award in 2018. Brett lives in Seattle, where he hikes the mountains and bakes pies. Contact Brett Walton
